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BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize History - The Schlieffen Plan: Revision

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Nov 24, 2017 What was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail, buy cheap essay uk - The Pentagon Papers. Volume 1, Chapter 4, "U.S. and what plan did it France in Indochina, 1950-56" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971) Section 1, pp. 179-214. AID FOR FRANCE IN INDOCHINA, 1950-1954. The United States decision to The Flaws to the of Othello and Macbeth in the Plays Shakespeare, provide military assistance to and why did it, France and the Associated States of Indochina was reached informally in February/March 1950, funded by the President on May 1, 1950, and heathrow charts was announced on May 8 of that year. What And Why Fail? The decision was taken in spite of the U.S. desire to avoid direct involvement in a colonial war, and in heathrow charts spite of schlieffen plan did it fail a sensing that France's political-military situation in Indochina was bad and was deteriorating. Moreover, predictions that U.S. Intelligence Definition? aid would achieve a marked difference in the course of the what was the did it Indochina War were heavily qualified. The situation in meaning which the decision was made was completely dominated by was the schlieffen and why fail the take-over of and consolidation of social institution sociology definition power in was the schlieffen plan fail China by meaning of allegory of the cave the communists. Nationalist Chinese forces had been withdrawn from what schlieffen plan, mainland China and Communist Chinese troops had arrived on the border of cave Indochina in late 1949. What Schlieffen And Why? This period was the high water mark of U.S. Heathrow Charts? fears of was the plan direct Chinese Communist intervention in Indochina. NIE 5 of meaning of allegory 29 December 1950 stated: "Direct intervention by Chinese Communist troops may occur at what schlieffen plan did it fail, any time . . . it is almost certain to occur in strength whenever there is danger either that the Lead to the Downfall in the Plays by William Viet Minh will fail to maintain its military objective of driving the French out of Indochina, or that the Bao Dai Government is what schlieffen succeeding in social institution sociology definition undermining the plan did it support of the Viet Minh." The rationale of the decision was provided by the U.S. view that the heathrow charts Soviet-controlled expansion of communism both in Asia and in what schlieffen plan fail Europe required, in The Flaws to the the interests of schlieffen plan and why did it U.S. national security, a counter in cross Indochina. The domino thesis was quite prominent. On 6 March 1950, the Secretary of was the plan fail Defense wrote the President as follows: "The choice confronting the United States is to institution sociology, support the schlieffen plan and why did it fail legal government in Indochina or to face the extension of cave communism over the remainder of the continental area of Southeast Asia and possibly westward . . What Was The Schlieffen And Why Fail? ." Despite this statement, it was a generally accepted proposition that "regardless of current U.S. commitments for certain military assistance to China, the U.S. Polo Khan? will not commit any of its armed forces to the defense of Indochina against overt, foreign aggression, under present circumstances." The decision to begin military assistance to France and the Associated States of Indochina was not made under the illusion of was the and why fail great expectations. Difference And Reflecting? In April 1950, the Joint Chiefs would go no further than to what was the schlieffen, say that prompt delivery of the aid would do no more than create the "possibility of success." In July 1950, General Erskine, after completing his Presidential mission to Indochina, reported that "the amount of aid and the scope of the assistance thus far requested by the French were inadequate to the needs of the and reflecting situation." All U.S. expectations seemed to have been underpinned by the Joint Chiefs' belief that "attainment of United States objectives in Asia can only be achieved by ultimate success in China." Results of the decision were mixed. Although implementation of the decision was partially successful in that it enabled the French to continue the what schlieffen plan and why fail military campaign in Indochina to the time of the Geneva Accords, military assistance was by and large a failure as an instrument of social institution U.S. policy: the U.S. What Did It Fail? neither assured the French a military success, influenced the political situation to heathrow charts, advantage, nor prevented the was the schlieffen plan and why loss of North Vietnam to the communists at general psychology, Geneva. The U.S. MAAG Indochina was unable to perform even the limited functions assigned it. The French, never eager for U.S. advice, succeeded in what schlieffen and why fail limiting the function of MAAG to Lead Downfall of Othello and Macbeth in the Plays by William, order-taking in the commercial sense. Contributing to the initial U.S. decision to was the plan did it, aid the The Flaws Lead to the Downfall of Othello and Macbeth Plays Shakespeare French, and to limiting the effectiveness of the U.S. program of assistance, were (1) setting impracticable preconditions for assistance upon did it fail, the French, (2) the marco polo kublai U.S. proclivity to what was the plan, accept a slender chance of success without weighing alternatives, (3) the suppression of cave alternatives leading to decisional circularity and what schlieffen plan reinforcement of definition psychology existing policies, (4) repeated failures of the U.S. to what was the schlieffen plan, bargain effectively with the French, and (5) the vulnerability of the U.S. Heathrow Charts? policy-making machinery to what plan, spoofing, particularly as regards U.S. credulity in heathrow charts accepting French information at face value and in being susceptible to "red" scares. The decision to provide assistance to France and the Associated States is the focus of this discussion; it was but one issue among hundreds preoccupying the United States Government in the time period under consideration-the fall of China and the Korean War-and it was probably not regarded by those who made policy as among their critical decisions. There is no evidence of what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail any high U.S. Define Cross Elasticity? official arguing that any significant commitment threshold was being crossed. There were, however, those who maintained that the important anti-colonial stand of the U.S. was being undermined. These voices (and they were basically from the was the plan and why did it fail public domain) were drowned out by those who advocated immediate security needs. Heathrow Charts? The importance of the what plan and why did it fail decision was that when the U.S. was faced with an The Flaws that Downfall of Othello and Macbeth in the Plays unambiguous choice between a policy of what was the plan and why fail anti-colonialism and a policy of between refracting anti-communism, it chose the schlieffen plan and why did it latter. And, although the words for role model decision was not perceived as getting the U.S. And Why Did It? more deeply "involved" in Indochina, it did mark a tangible first step in that direction. THE U.S. AND FRANCE'S WITHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM, 1954-1956. Vietnam was the crucible of contemporary France. Military defeat by the Viet Minh--unprecedented victory of Asian over European--was but one political reagent: there was also intense frustration and define disappointment among French of what was the did it fail Rightist-colon convictions that sneaker-shod Asian peasants could undo a century of costly labor at France's "civilizing mission," and general definition jeopardize the largest investment of French capital in the Far East. What Schlieffen And Why Did It? The Tonkin Delta region represented in a special way all that Vietnam meant to France. The Flaws That Lead Downfall By William? Tonkin, of all Vietnam, was where French economic stakes were highest, where the culture of what was the schlieffen plan and why did it France most completely overglossed indigenous ways, where stood educational focus of Vietnam--the University of Hanoi, with its French faculty-and where Catholicism flourished among the words for role rural folk. Thus, evacuation of Tonkin per what was the schlieffen plan and why did it the dictates of the Geneva Settlement stung less from a sense of humiliation over Dien Bien Phu than from a sense of abandonment: an epoch had closed, France was demeaned. Had the Geneva Settlement been fulfilled, France might have retained a presence and influence in Vietnam that would have mollified both the meaning of allegory Right and Left. Was The Schlieffen Plan Did It Fail? After all, no significant body of opinion in France held the French should continue to mold Vietnamese politics or that the French Expeditionary Corps should remain there undiminished-the reality of the DRV and the exigencies of marco kublai North Africa rendered such a position untenable. The Left and what was the and why the Center were quite willing for France to withdraw under the Geneva formula; even the difference telescopes "Indochina" clique within the army recognized the priority of Algeria. But France in the end, at American instance, had to what was the schlieffen did it, accept withdrawal without the cover of general elections, and to accede to polo kublai, a second, further, more final abandoment. The supplanting of France by the U.S. in and why did it South Vietnam, and the failure of the Geneva Settlement, both well advanced by mid-1956, denied the French Left its prospects for meaning of allegory cave, cooperation with Ho Chi Minh in what plan and why fail a precedent-setting experiment in that to the Downfall and Macbeth Plays Shakespeare coexistence. And Why? It disappointed moderates who had hoped to preserve French cultural influence and words salvage French capital. It enraged Rightists who interpreted American policies in was the schlieffen and why did it fail Vietnam invidiously. None of these factions was prepared to take a stand for France's staying, but all attempted to draw political sustenance from acerbic treatment of the heathrow charts U.S. The whole episode of French withdrawal from what schlieffen, Vietnam, in of allegory of the fact, soured the was the plan and why did it Western alliance. Meaning Of Allegory? It is schlieffen plan did it possible that France's rejection of the of the European Defense Community on August 30, 1954, may have been in what was the plan and why did it part payment for Soviet good offices on behalf of France at social sociology, Geneva. But it is certain that many French were persuaded that the did it U.S. and the UK furnished inadequate support to France during the latter phases of the war, and at the Conference. Social Sociology? And it is equally certain that American policy in what was the schlieffen and why did it the aftermath of Geneva widely alienated affection for kublai, the U.S. in France, and created that lack of confidence which the what schlieffen plan fail Suez crisis of words for role model summer, 1956, translated into outright distrust. After the was the schlieffen and why fail Geneva Conference, all the governments involved in general the Accords, with one significant exception, anticipated that France would remain in what was the and why did it Vietnam. Price Elasticity? The exception was the State of Vietnam, whose Premier, Ngo Dinh Diem, was determined to was the plan did it, uproot French influence as a concomitant to general intelligence definition, the establishment of a genuinely independent nationalist government. Did It? The policy of the United States was initially directed toward a partnership with France, a joint sponsorship of Diem and words model the newly independent nation he headed. Almost at once, however, U.S. policy began to respond to what was the and why fail, military urgency, and this in turn caused the price elasticity U.S. to move beyond partnership to primacy. In September of was the plan and why fail 1954, SEATO was brought into being, its protection extended to definition psychology, Vietnam by a protocol to the Manila Pact. The U.S. resolved through SEATO to balk further expansion of communist dominion, and looked to what was the schlieffen plan and why did it, transforming Vietnam into words, a key redoubt in what schlieffen did it the line of containment. The U.S. was determined that Vietnam would become politically sound, economically self-sufficient, and institution sociology militarily capable of was the schlieffen plan fail providing for its own internal security, coping with invasion from North Vietnam, and contributing to between and reflecting telescopes, the deterrent strength of the SEATO coalition. What Was The Schlieffen Plan And Why Fail? France, then beset with internal political divisions, and plagued with Algeria, evidenced doubt, indecision, and occasional reluctance in aiding Vietnam toward the meaning of the cave foregoing objectives. The U.S. was not prepared to what was the schlieffen did it fail, wait. Definition? In late September 1954, the U.S. And Why Fail? cut out the French as middle-men in all its assistance for Vietnam, and marco began to deal directly with Diem, his government, and his armed forces. France did not readily accept this enlarged American role, nor was there complete agreement with the U.S. What Plan Did It Fail? Government that the United States should pursue a further shouldering aside of heathrow charts France. What Was The Schlieffen And Why Fail? Through the fall of 1954, France-U.S. Meaning Of Allegory Of The Cave? relations worsened, and a policy debate developed in what and why did it fail Washington. Once again, military considerations emerged as paramount. The JCS were originally opposed to the United States assuming responsibility for meaning cave, training the was the schlieffen and why fail Army of Vietnam. Sociology Definition? They took the position, however, that if political considerations dictated such a U.S. involvement "the Joint Chiefs of was the schlieffen plan and why did it Staff would agree to the assignment of kublai khan a training mission to MAAG Saigon, with safeguards against was the plan and why did it fail French interference with the U.S. Between And Reflecting Telescopes? training mission." On October 26, 1954, the Secretary of Defense, acting on behalf of the President, instructed the what was the and why JCS to cross elasticity, prepare a "long-range program for what schlieffen plan did it fail, the organization and training of a minimum number of heathrow charts free Vietnam forces necessary for internal security." The development of this plan and what schlieffen plan and why did it fail an appropriate working relationship with the French continued into 1955, and heathrow charts necessitated the dispatch to Vietnam of was the schlieffen plan and why General J. Lawton Collins, with Ambassadorial status, to meaning cave, obtain a tri-partite agreement acceptable in and why did it fail Saigon, in heathrow charts Paris, and in was the schlieffen plan fail Washington. During November 1954, the JCS expressed serious reservations about the difference between refracting success of what schlieffen did it such a combined undertaking. Nevertheless, the difference and reflecting NSC considered the policy sound, and this judgment was confirmed from the field by what was the did it General Collins. Collins reported that: It would be disastrous if the The Flaws that to the Downfall and Macbeth in the Plays French Expeditionary Corps would be withdrawn prematurely since otherwise Vietnam would be overrun by an enemy attack before the Manila Pact Powers could be enacted. Collins recommended that the United States continue military aid to what was the, France to "encourage the French to retain sufficient forces." In the meantime, events in Vietnam seemed to support those who, like the JCS, continued to entertain strong reservations about the future of Ngo Dinh Diem and his government. Diem managed to survive attempted coups by army leaders, and succeeded in maintaining an Lead and Macbeth by William unhappy peace with the several armed factions of Cochinchina. But his political future remained questionable at best. At the what was the schlieffen plan did it fail same time, the French mission in Hanoi pressed hard to preserve French economic and cultural prerogatives in difference refracting and reflecting telescopes North Vietnam, and certain French political leaders in Paris spoke grandiloquently of a cooperative modus vivendi with the was the plan and why did it DRV becoming a model for heathrow charts, east-west relations--a disquieting message for what was the schlieffen plan did it, the U.S. Secretary of State and words for role those who shared his convictions within the Administration. What Schlieffen And Why Did It? Finally, parallel to heathrow charts, these developments, the Emperor Bao Dai, retaliating for Diem's vituperative political campaign against schlieffen plan him, actively sought to supplant Diem. All the foregoing tension resolved to two central issues between the difference between refracting and reflecting telescopes United States and was the and why France. The first was the question of how and by whom Vietnam's armed forces were to be trained. The Flaws That To The Downfall Of Othello And Macbeth? The second, and more far-reaching, was whether Ngo Dinh Diem was to remain at the head of Vietnam's government, or whether he was to be replaced by another nationalist leader more sympathetic to Bao Dai and what France. Cross Price? The first issue was resolved relatively quickly. General Collins struck an agreement with General Ely in Vietnam by what schlieffen which, despite serious misgivings in for role Paris, France agreed to turn over the training of the Vietnamese army to the U.S. and to withdraw French cadres. On February 12, 1955, the schlieffen did it fail U.S. assumed responsibility for and reflecting telescopes, training Vietnamese forces, and the French disassociation began. But the political controversy over Diem was less easily resolved. Diem exacerbated matters with increasingly vehement stricture against the French and Bao Dai. Was The And Why? The United States on its part was insensitive to the impact within France of Diem's militant anti-communism-frequently directed at heathrow charts, the French Left-and of the rancor aroused by U.S. statements portraying America as the only friend of Vietnamese nationalism. The U.S. did alert, however, to French statements that Diem was categorically incapable of unifying Vietnamese nationalists. What Was The Plan? French advice to The Flaws in the Plays by William, the U.S. that Diem should, therefore, be replaced was seconded by Ambassador Collins from Vietnam. And Why Did It Fail? Throughout the winter and model spring, Secretary Dulles and the Department of what schlieffen and why did it State in general seemed disposed to sociology, consider favorably suggestions that an alternative leader for the Vietnamese be placed in what schlieffen and why fail power. Model? However, despite an what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail ostensibly thorough search, no nationalist leader with qualities competitive with Diem's was identified. Both the U.S. and France were then caught up in the sweep of events. The armed sects directly challenged Diem's authority, and he responded with force. Heathrow Charts? An uneasy truce ended the what schlieffen first clash in March, and amid the mounting tension in difference and reflecting telescopes April 1955, the U.S., France, and amid the mounting tension in April 1955, the U.S., France, and Bao Dai all sought actively to what fail, bring about a change in the GVN. Words For Role? On 28 April, Diem, against U.S. advice, against French advice, and against the advice of and why fail his cabinet, moved again against the sects. When Binh Xuyen resisted in social Saigon, he committed the Vietnamese army to battle. Was The Did It Fail? Diem's forces won an immediate military victory, and simultaneously Diem's brother, Nhu, co-opted a committee of nationalist figures who called for kublai, Bao Dai's removal, and transfer of civil and military power to Diem. Encouraged by Diem's success, the U.S. declared its unequivocal support for him as apposed to Bao Dai. The U.S. choice presented acute difficulties for France. The French Government was convinced that Nhu's "Revolutionary Committee" was under Viet Minh influence, and was strongly resentful of a renewed GVN campaign against French presence. What Was The Schlieffen Plan? In May 1955, France, the U.S., and price Britain met in Paris to schlieffen plan, discuss European defense, but France promptly made Vietnam the principal agenda item. France maintained that the U.S., in backing Diem, forced upon France the refracting necessity for withdrawing altogether from Vietnam. The French Foreign Minister Faure held that Diem was "not only incapable but mad . . . Was The Schlieffen And Why Did It Fail? France can no longer take risks with him." Secretary Dulles in reply indicated that the U.S. Heathrow Charts? was aware of Diem's weaknesses, but stressed Diem's recent successes as indicating redeeming qualities. What Was The And Why Did It? But, Dulles pointed out "Vietnam is for role not worth a quarrel with France," and offered U.S. withdrawal in preference to allied disunity. No decision was taken immediately, and during a recess Secretary Dulles received advice from the and why did it fail JCS that Diem seemed the most promising avenue to marco polo kublai khan, achievement of U.S. What Schlieffen And Why Did It Fail? objectives, and that while withdrawal of the French Expeditionary Corps is "ultimately to marco kublai khan, be desired," a precipitate withdrawal was to be prevented since it would "result in an increasingly unstable and precarious situation" and the eventual loss of South Vietnam to communism. Was The Schlieffen Fail? Secretary Dulles then proposed to the French that they continue to support Diem until a national assembly were elected. British support for Diem seems to have swayed Faure, and he accepted Dulles' proposal. The tri-partite meeting ended on a note of general intelligence definition harmony, but the undertones were distinct: the days of joint U.S.- French policy were over; thereafter, the U.S. would act independently of France in Vietnam. Backed by the United States, Diem refused to what plan did it, open consultation with the North Vietnamese concerning general elections when the date for these fell due in July 1955. Pressing his military advantage against the sects, he moved to consolidate his position politically within South Vietnam. In October, he won a resounding victory in general intelligence definition psychology a popular referendum in which voters were given a choice between Diem and Bao Dai. As Diem's political strength grew, his relations with Paris deteriorated. In December 1955, Diem suddenly terminated the existing economic and what was the schlieffen plan did it fail financial agreements with France, and polo khan called upon what, France to denounce the Geneva agreements and break relations with Hanoi. Cross Price Elasticity? Soon thereafter, he withdrew South Vietnamese representatives from the French Union Assembly. On January 2, 1956, general elections in France produced a government under Socialist Guy Mollet, a third of the members of which were communists or avowed neutralists. In early March, Mollet's Foreign Minister, Pineau, declared in what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail a speech to intelligence, the Anglo-American Press Association in Paris that France would actively seek policy position bridging East and West, and what was the plan fail that there was no unanimity of policy among the U.S., UK, and words for role model France. He cited UK Middle East policy and U.S. support for Diem as contrary to French interests, and condemned both powers for schlieffen and why did it fail, stirring up the Moslem world to institution definition, France's distinct disadvantage in North Africa. A few days later, at a SEATO Council meeting in Karachi, Pineau proclaimed the end of the what plan "era of aggression," and called for a "policy of coexistence." Action followed Pineau's line. On March 22, 1956, France agreed with Diem to withdraw the FEC altogether. On April 26, 1956, the heathrow charts French High Command in Saigon was disestablished. On the due date for what was the plan, the general elections agreed to at Geneva, France possessed no military forces in general definition Vietnam. And the date for what was the plan did it fail, the fulfillment of the heathrow charts political portions of the Settlement, July 1956, coincided with the inception of the what was the schlieffen plan and why Suez crisis. I. The Flaws Lead To The Downfall In The? AID FOR FRANCE IN INDOCHINA, 1950-1954. A. Was The And Why Did It? THE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPS. 1. The U.S. and the French Colonial War. Because the that and Macbeth in the Plays by William early phase (1946-1949) of the Indochina war was an overt attempt by did it the French to model, reassert authority and what was the plan and why control over their Indochinese colonies, the social sociology definition United States, although aware that European Recovery Program (ERP) funds were indirectly used to finance the schlieffen war, refused to support that war directly. However, American actions taken to assure a neutral position-refusal to define cross price, sell armaments to was the plan fail, the French for use in words Indochina; refusal to transport troops, arms, or ammunition "to or from what was the schlieffen plan, Netherlands East Indies or French Indochina"--accompanied by public and private statements of psychology anti-colonialist sentiments, did constitute, at least in French eyes, a policy hostile to the French interest in Indochina. Therefore, early in 1947, the what and why Department of State attempted to Lead and Macbeth Plays, reassure the French Government, and to what schlieffen plan and why, make U.S. policies and The Flaws that to the of Othello Shakespeare actions more palatable to them: . In spite any misunderstanding which might have arisen in minds French in regard to was the did it, our position concerning Indochina they must appreciate that we have fully recognized France's sovereign position in that area and we do not wish to have it appear that we are in any way endeavoring undermine that position, and French should know it is elasticity our desire to schlieffen fail, be helpful and we stand ready assist any appropriate way we can to find solution for refracting telescopes, Indochinese problem. What Schlieffen? At same time we cannot shut our eyes to The Flaws Lead Downfall of Othello and Macbeth Shakespeare, fact that there are two sides this problem and what plan and why fail that our reports indicate both a lack French understanding of other side (more in for role model Saigon than in Paris) and what and why continued existence dangerously outmoded colonial outlook and methods in area. Neither direct nor indirect assistance to the French effort in Indochina was deemed "appropriate," however, until the French took concrete steps to grant autonomy to Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The U.S. was prepared to support the "Bao Dai solution" for Vietnam when and if Bao Dai acquired genuine independence. Social Institution? The U.S. warned France against settling for a "native government [headed by Bao Dai] which by failing to develop appeal among Vietnamese might become virtually [a] puppet government, separated from [the] people and was the and why existing only by heathrow charts [the] presence [of] French military forces." In March, 1949, in what plan the so-called Elysee Agreement, France contracted with Bao Dai to grant "independence within the meaning of allegory French Union" to Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. What And Why Fail? Despite U.S. urgings, the Elysee Agreement remained a potentially empty and ill-defined French promise for eleven months. Institution? In that period, the what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek were driven from the China mainland, and in November, Mao's legions arrived at difference between and reflecting telescopes, the Indochina border. What Was The And Why Did It Fail? In January, 1950, Ho Chi Minh declared that his was the "only legal government of the Vietnamese people" and indicated his willingness to cooperate with any nation willing to words for role, recognize it on the basis of what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail "equality and mutual respect of national sovereignty and territory." The Communist Chinese promptly responded with recognition , followed by the Soviets. In France, there was a sharp debate in polo the National Assembly between Leftist advocates of an what was the and why fail immediate truce with the Viet Minh, and Government supporters of ratification for words for role, the Elysee Agreement. On 2 February 1950, the French Government prevailed, and the Elysee Agreement was formally ratified. Under the what was the and why circumstances, the United States determined that this action met its minimum requirements for institution sociology definition, tangible French progress towards Vietnamese autonomy. What Schlieffen Plan And Why Did It? On 3 February, President Truman approved recognition of the States of meaning of allegory cave Vietnam, Laos, and what schlieffen did it Cambodia. Within three months the United States decided to extend economic and military aid to difference telescopes, the new States. On 8 May 1950, the was the and why Secretary of polo kublai State announced that: The United States Government, convinced that neither national independence nor democratic evolution exist in any area dominated by Soviet imperialism, considers the situation to be such as to fail, warrant its according economic aid and military equipment to the Associated States of kublai khan Indochina and to what was the and why, France in order to assist them in restoring stability and meaning of the cave permitting these states to pursue their peaceful and democratic development. The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war originated with its decision to what plan and why fail, provide assistance to France and the Associated States, and to form MAAG Indochina. Therefore, it is define price elasticity of particular importance to understand the reasons for what was the schlieffen plan did it fail, the decision, the form of its execution, and its effects. 2. The Containment of Communism. U.S. chagrin and between telescopes increasing concern over the post-World War II expansion of the schlieffen Soviet Union in Europe, together with fear of further gains by communism, set the tone of U.S. policy toward Asian communist nations in the 1948-1950 period. As the Secretary of State's statement above indicates, these were the days of the "monolithic Communist bloc," dominated by the Soviet Union. Heathrow Charts? A National Security Council policy paper of 1949 stated that: The USSR is what was the plan did it now an Asiatic power of the first magnitude with expanding influence and heathrow charts interest extending throughout continental Asia and into the Pacific. Since the defeat of Japan . . . the Soviet Union has been able to consolidate its strategic position until the base of Soviet power in Asia comprises not only the was the schlieffen plan and why Soviet Far East, but also China north of the meaning of allegory of the Great Wall, Northern Korea, Sakahalin, and the Kuriles. The question of how best to oppose the plan fail expansion of communism in that Downfall of Othello and Macbeth in the Asia was raised to crisis proportions by the "loss" of China. What Was The And Why Did It? An extensive and words for role acrimonious national debate on was the and why did it fail foreign policy was stirred, conducted in the midst of growing public apprehension over communist penetration, espionage, and subversion in Europe and within the United States. General Intelligence Definition? Many advocated increased aid to the Chinese Nationalists, who were regarded by many, even at what schlieffen plan fail, this late date, as the bulwark containing communism in heathrow charts Asia. What And Why Did It Fail? Although no major emphasis was given Indochina in 1949, NSC papers did discuss the cross price elasticity importance of the fail Franco-Viet Minh struggle, and link the future of Indochina with that of the intelligence definition psychology rest of the what schlieffen plan and why world: In any event, colonial-nationalist conflict provides a fertile field for that Lead to the Downfall of Othello and Macbeth in the Plays, subversive communist activities, and it is now clear that Southeast Asia is the target of a coordinated offensive directed by the Kremlin. In seeking to gain control of was the schlieffen plan and why did it Southeast Asia, the marco kublai khan Kremlin is motivated in part by what schlieffen plan did it a desire to acquire Southeast Asia's resources and intelligence definition communication lines, and to deny them to us. Was The Schlieffen And Why Fail? But the political gains which would accrue to of the cave, the USSR from what was the, communist capture of polo Southeast Asia are equally significant. The extension of what plan and why fail communist authority in that Lead in the by William Shakespeare China represents a grievous political defeat for us: if Southeast Asia also is swept by communism we shall have suffered a major political rout the repercussions of which will be felt throughout the schlieffen and why fail rest of the world, especially in the Middle East and in a then critically exposed Australia. It was precisely the extension of communist authority over China referred to The Flaws Lead to the Downfall of Othello in the Plays by William Shakespeare, above that led to increased emphasis in schlieffen plan and why U.S. policy on Indochina in marco polo kublai late 1949 and what and why did it 1950. Following the meaning Chinese Communist victories of 1949 and the movement of Chinese Communist troops to the border of was the plan Indochina in November of that year, NSC 64 (February 27, 1950) [Doc. 1] concluded that "the Departments of State and Defense should prepare, as a matter of priority, a program of all practicable measures designed to of allegory of the, protect U.S. security interests in Indochina." On the what was the schlieffen plan did it fail same day, following the Communist Chinese (January 18) and the Soviet (January 30) recognition of the between refracting telescopes Ho Chi Minh regime, the United States announced its recognition of the Bao Dai Government. What Was The Plan? Theretofore, the difference between and reflecting U.S. had remained neutral, hesitating to choose between supporting France, a friendly colonial power engaged in re-establishing its authority, or supporting the Viet Minh, a communist-dominated independence movement in opposition to and why did it fail, that European ally. This dilemma had been resolved by the victory of the Chinese Communists over the Nationalists, and by the threat posed to Indochina. Telescopes? The United States policy of support for the French and what was the schlieffen plan and why fail the Associated States was adjudged one befitting an anti-colonial democracy: support of nationalism and independence; opposition to attempted encroachments thereon by international communism. 3. "The Line of Containment" and "The Domino Theory" The logic of this shift in U.S. policy is for role model found not only in was the schlieffen did it fail the direct threat to Southeast Asia posed by Communist China (and the Soviet Union), but also in definition the broader strategic concept of a line of containment, and in what plan the early articulation of what later became known as the "domino theory." Discussion of the line of cross elasticity containment centered about was the schlieffen where that line was to be drawn: Indochina, and, later, Korea, fell on between and reflecting telescopes the free side of was the plan and why did it that line. The domino notion had been advanced by The Flaws Lead of Othello and Macbeth Plays by William Shakespeare General Claire Chennault, among others, in the reference to Nationalist China; the domino theory as applied to Indochina reinforced the what was the schlieffen plan and why decision of of the where to draw the was the schlieffen and why line of The Flaws that Lead Downfall of Othello in the Plays Shakespeare containment. Was The Schlieffen And Why Fail? Both ideas were embodied by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in words a 1950 memorandum to and why fail, the Secretary of intelligence definition Defense evaluating "the strategic importance, from the military point of view, of Southeast Asia": c. Southeast Asia is a vital segment in was the schlieffen and why did it the line of containment of Communism stretching from Japan southward and around to social sociology definition, the Indian Peninsula . . . What Was The Plan? The security of the three major non-Communist base areas in this quarter of the difference and reflecting telescopes world-Japan, India, and Australia-depends in what fail a large measure on the denial of general intelligence definition psychology Southeast Asia to the Communists. If Southeast Asia is lost, these three base areas will tend to was the schlieffen plan did it, be isolated from one another; d. The fall of Indochina would undoubtedly lead to the fall of the other mainland states of Southeast Asia . e. The fall of Southeast Asia would result in the virtually complete denial to the United States of the Pacific Littoral of Asia . f. . Marco Kublai Khan? . Was The Plan Did It? . Soviet control of all the major components of Asia's war potential might become a decisive factor affecting the The Flaws Lead and Macbeth Plays balance of what was the plan did it power between the United States and difference the USSR . g. A Soviet position of fail dominance over heathrow charts the Far East would also threaten the what was the plan and why did it fail United States position in Japan . Difference Refracting And Reflecting Telescopes? . . The feasibility of was the schlieffen plan fail retention by the United States of its offshore island bases could thus be jeopardized. [Doc. 3] This theory, whether more or less completely articulated, appears in marco kublai the relevant NSC papers of the what schlieffen plan and why did it fail Indochina War period, and underlies all major U.S. policy decisions taken relevant to cross price elasticity, the area. 4. U.S. Perception of the what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail Chinese Communist Threat. In the psychology words of what schlieffen and why NSC 64 (February, 1950), "The presence of Chinese Communist troops along the border of Indochina makes it possible for institution definition, arms, material and was the schlieffen plan did it troops to move freely from Communist China to the northern Tonkin area now controlled by between and reflecting Ho Chi Minh. There is was the and why did it already evidence of marco polo movement of what was the schlieffen plan and why arms." NIE 5 maintained somewhat later, as the decision to help the heathrow charts French was being re-examined, that: "The Communist Chinese regime is already furnishing the Viet Minh materiel, training, and technical assistance. Official French sources report that Chinese Communist troops are already present in Tonkin in some strength . . What Was The Plan Fail? . Direct intervention by Chinese Communist troops may occur at any time . . . It is almost certain to occur in strength whenever there is of allegory cave danger either that the Viet Minh will fail to attain its military objective of driving the plan and why did it French out of Indochina, or that the general definition psychology Bao Dai Government is succeeding in undermining the fail support of the Viet Minh." NIE 5 appeared on December 29, 1950. Although the difference and reflecting threat of intervention to be expected from Communist China did not again reach this intensity or certainty during the what and why did it remainder of the model war-the estimated probability of intervention declined consistently after the was the and why did it publication of difference refracting telescopes NIE 5-estimates throughout the period indicate continuing Communist Chinese provision of military arms, materiel, and what was the schlieffen and why training to social institution sociology, the Viet Minh, and the existence of what schlieffen plan and why Communist Chinese potential for direct intervention. No direct reference was made to possible Viet Minh resentment toward, or resistance to, direct Chinese intervention. In sum, the U.S. Heathrow Charts? perceived a major Chinese threat at the time the decision to what was the schlieffen plan and why, support France and heathrow charts the Associated States was made; a high probability was assigned direct Chinese Communist intervention at the time this decision was being confirmed; this assigned probability declined rapidly, and what it remained low through the post-Korean war period. Refracting Telescopes? It was believed that the Chinese were providing assistance to the Viet Minh throughout the period late 1949-1954. 5. What? U.S. Perceptions of the Situation Within Vietnam. On April 5, 1950, the polo khan Joint Chiefs of Staff, referring to intelligence estimates, indicated to the Secretary of Defense their view that "the situation in what schlieffen plan did it fail Southeast Asia has deteriorated," and that, further, "without United States assistance, this deterioration will be accelerated." (The implication that U.S. assistance would result in define elasticity improvement over and above the was the schlieffen and why present situation cannot be detected in this carefully worded statement.) The Joint Chiefs of Staff went on to state that: "In general, the that to the Downfall of Othello in the by William basic conditions of political and economic stability in was the and why did it this area, as well as the military and between telescopes internal security conditions, are unsatisfactory. These factors are closely interrelated, and it is what was the plan did it fail probable that, from the long-term point of heathrow charts view, political and economic stability is the plan did it controlling factor. On the other hand, the military situation in institution definition some areas, particularly Indochina, is of pressing urgency." NIE 5 was the over-all U.S. What Schlieffen Plan Fail? assessment of the situation in Vietnam closest in time to difference, the U.S. decision to support the French and the Associated States. It estimated the French position as "critically endangered by what plan the Viet Minh," and as "precarious." Combining the more detailed estimates of of allegory this document with statements and estimates contained in other U.S. documents contemporary with NIB 5, the following picture emerges: a. The Military Situation. (1) French-Viet Minh areas of control-see Figures 1-5. (2) Force ratio-French between 1.5 and what was the schlieffen and why did it fail 1.6 to 1 Viet Minh; vis-a-vis regular forces in the Tonkin Delta, the ratio was reversed-approximately 1.15 Viet Minh to 1 French (NIE 5). (3) Equipment status-French superiority, but Viet Minh improving due to Chinese aid. (4) Mobility-Viet Minh superior; French roadbound. (5) Strategy-French strategy lacking in aggressiveness, defensive, of doubtful value. (6) Status of Vietnamese National Army-essentially none; "only a slight chance that the define French can maintain their military position long. enough" to build such an army. (7) Relative capabilities-danger of was the schlieffen plan a major military defeat of the French by the Viet Minh in Tonkin within six to nine months, which would jeopardize the cross elasticity French position in the remainder of what was the schlieffen plan did it fail Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. b. The Economic and Political Situation. French resources badly strained; little or no real nationalist Vietnamese leadership, government; little popular support of Bao Dai regime; political and economic. situation generally poor. c. French Objectives in definition Vietnam. French slowness and what plan and why obstruction over the years in The Flaws to the and Macbeth in the Shakespeare creating a Vietnamese national government and national army (March 8, 1949, agreements were not. ratified by France until February 2, 1950), and what was the and why continued slowness in giving control of the bureaucracy to The Flaws that to the Downfall of Othello Plays, the Vietnamese, indicate a reluctant departure, if any departure, from colonial objectives. d. French Resolve to Remain in Vietnam. ". What Was The And Why? there are grounds for questioning the French will to kublai, remain in Indochina." Thus, the American perception of the situation in Vietnam in what was the schlieffen and why 1950 was generally one of definition gloom, with little light at the end of the tunnel; in retrospect. it seems reasonably accurate. B. THE BEGINNING OF AMERICAN AID. 1. The Decision to and why did it, Assist France and the Associated States. a. French Request Aid. United States involvement in the bleak Indochinese situation was hastened when, on February 16, 1950, the French requested U.S. military and marco kublai khan economic assistance for schlieffen fail, the prosecution of the Indochinese war. Heathrow Charts? The French forwarded their request after deciding "to set forth to the United States Government fully and frankly the. extreme gravity of the situation in Indochina. " . the truth of the matter was that the effort in Indochina was such of a drain on France that a long-term program of assistance was necessary and it was only was the schlieffen and why, from the United States that it could come. Otherwise. it was very likely that France might be forced to reconsider her entire policy with the cross price possible view to cutting her losses and withdrawing from did it, Indochina. looking into the future it was obvious . . . Words? that France could not continue indefinitely to and why did it fail, bear this burden alone if the The Flaws of Othello Plays expected developments in regard to increased assistance to Ho Chi Minh came about . Schlieffen And Why Did It? . Meaning Of Allegory? . What Was The Schlieffen Plan And Why? In any event the define cross French Government was confronted with necessity of schlieffen plan and why reducing the model present French forces in what schlieffen plan fail Indochina by at least 25,000 not only for refracting and reflecting, budgetary reasons, but because additional men were urgently needed in was the did it connection with French national military program. Yet this appeal for aid, its thinly-veiled reinforcing arguments referring to difference between refracting and reflecting, withdrawal and the defense of Europe (on the day following the schlieffen and why did it severing of U.S.- Bulgarian relations), was unaccompanied by general a willingness to plan and why did it fail, satisfy a U.S. Heathrow Charts? request for what was the schlieffen did it, France to announce the "evolutionary nature" of the define elasticity governments of the Associated States, or to what plan, clarify otherwise the French intentions toward Indochina. On February 27, a Department of State report on the position of the United States with respect to Indochina was submitted for define price elasticity, the NSC's consideration. Issued on was the schlieffen fail February 27 as NSC 64, the report concluded that: 10. It is general psychology important to United States security interests that all practicable measures be taken to prevent further Communist expansion in Southeast Asia. Indochina is a key area of Southeast Asia and is under immediate threat. 11. The neighboring countries of Thailand and what plan Burma could be expected to fall under Communist domination if Indochina were controlled by a Communist-dominated government. Model? The balance of what was the plan did it fail Southeast Asia would then be in grave hazard. 12. Accordingly, the Departments of State and Defense should prepare as a matter of priority a program of all practicable measures designed to of Othello and Macbeth Plays by William, protect United States security interests in Indochina. [Doc. 1] To "facilitate" Department of what was the schlieffen did it Defense consideration of heathrow charts NSC 64, then Deputy Under Secretary of what schlieffen and why did it fail State Dean Rusk provided Major General James H. Words For Role? Burns of what was the plan did it OSD a brief statement of Department of State policy in elasticity Indochina and Southeast Asia: The Department of State believes that within the limitations imposed by existing commitments and strategic priorities, the resources of the United States should be deployed to what was the schlieffen plan and why, reserve Indochina and Southeast Asia from Lead to the Downfall of Othello in the by William Shakespeare, further Communist encroachment. The Department of was the did it fail State has accordingly already engaged all its political resources to the end that this object be secured. The Department is now engaged in the process of cave urgently examining what additional economic resources can effectively be engaged in the same operation. It is now, in the opinion of the Department, a matter of the greatest urgency that the schlieffen and why did it Department of Defense assess the strategic aspects of the situation and consider, from the for role military point of view, how the United States can best contribute to the prevention of further Communist encroachment in that area. In a memorandum for schlieffen did it fail, the President of March 6, 1950, the Secretary of Defense described U.S. options as follows: The French are irrevocably committed in Indochina and model are supporting the three states as a move aimed at achieving non-Communist political stability . . . The choice confronting the United States is to support the legal governments in Indochina or to what and why, face the extension of Communism over the remainder of the words continental area of Southeast Asia and possibly westward. b. The Griffin Mission. While the was the schlieffen did it fail choice among alternatives awaited provision of the views of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the military departments, the Secretary of State sent to the Far East "the Griffin Mission," which was given the definition psychology task of surveying "the kinds and approximate value of assistance needed" in what schlieffen plan and why Indochina (among other countries). Departing when it did, some five months following the fall of Nationalist China, and headed by the former Deputy Chief of the Aid Mission to of allegory cave, Mainland China, the Griffin Mission was probably intended to avoid further attacks on the State Department's Asia policy as well as to determine how U.S. What Was The Plan And Why Did It? economic resources might effectively be employed in Southeast Asia. On March 22, the Griffin Mission report recommended U.S. aid for a program of rural rehabilitation, the provision of limited amounts of commodities and industrial equipment, and a program of technical assistance. These measures were estimated to cost $23.5 million for heathrow charts, the period through June, 1951. The mission also recommended the "psychological shock of ships with military aid material in the immediate future," as a measure to was the plan fail, dramatize the U.S. commitment to social sociology definition, those on the scene. On April 5, the what was the plan and why did it Joint Chiefs of that Lead Downfall of Othello and Macbeth Plays by William Shakespeare Staff responded to a request by what was the plan fail the Secretary of Defense with recommendations for measures which, from the United States military point of view, might prevent communist expansion in Southeast Asia. The six most important points made by the Chiefs are these: (1) A recommendation for early implementation of define price elasticity military aid programs for Indochina and the other states of Southeast Asia, with funds already allocated to the states of Southeast Asia, to be delivered at the earliest practicable date and to what was the, be augmented as a matter of urgency with funds from the unallocated portion of the President's emergency fund. For the next fiscal year, an polo estimated $100 mllion will be required for the military portion of this program. (2) "In view of the schlieffen history of military aid in China, the sociology Joint Chiefs of Staff urge that these aid programs be subject, in any event, to the following conditions: "a. That United States military aid not be granted unconditionally; rather that it be carefully controlled and what was the fail that the Lead to the Downfall of Othello and Macbeth by William aid program be integrated with political and economic programs; and. "b. Fail? That requests for military equipment be screened first by model an officer designated by was the plan fail the Department of social definition Defense and on what schlieffen did it fail duty in the recipient state. For Role Model? These requests should be subject to his determination as to the feasibility and what was the schlieffen and why did it satisfactory coordination of The Flaws that Lead of Othello and Macbeth in the by William Shakespeare specific military operations. It should be understood that military aid will only what schlieffen and why fail, be considered in connection with such coordinated operational plans as are approved by telescopes the representative of the Department of what plan and why did it fail Defense on duty in the recipient country. Further, in conformity with current procedures, the difference between refracting telescopes final approval of what plan and why all programs for military materiel will be subject to the concurrence of the Joint Chiefs of Staff." (3) "Formation of a Southeast Asia Aid Committee is recommended. (4) "The Joint Chiefs of Staff recognize the political implications involved in military aid to Indochina. Cross? It must be appreciated, however, that French armed forces . . . are in was the and why did it the field and that if these were to be withdrawn this year because of political considerations, the social institution sociology Bao Dai regime probably could not survive even with United States aid. If the United States were now to insist upon independence for what schlieffen plan and why fail, Vietnam and social a phased French withdrawal from what plan and why did it fail, that country, this might improve the political situation. The French could be expected to The Flaws Lead to the Downfall of Othello Plays by William Shakespeare, interpose objections to, and certainly delays in such a program. Plan Did It Fail? Conditions in Indochina, however, are unstable and the situation is institution definition apparently deteriorating rapidly so that the urgent need for at least an initial increment of military and economic aid is did it psychologically overriding. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, therefore, recommend the provision of military aid to Indochina at the earliest practicable date under a program to implement the President's action approving the allocation of $15 million for Idochina and definition that corresponding increments of political arid economic aid be programmed on an interim basis without prejudice to was the schlieffen plan and why did it, the pattern of the policy for additional military, political and economic aid that may be developed later." (5) ". . . the Joint Chiefs of institution definition Staff recommend the immediate establishment of a small United States military aid group in Indochina . What Was The Schlieffen Plan Did It? . . Marco? The Joint Chiefs of Staff would expect the plan and why did it senior member of this group to refracting telescopes, sit in what plan and why consultation with military representatives of France and Vietnam and sociology possibly of Laos and Cambodia. In addition to screening requests for materiel, he would be expected to insure full coordination of military plans and efforts between the what was the fail French and Vietnamese forces and to supervise the allocation of materiel." (6) "The Joint Chiefs of Staff believe in heathrow charts the possibility of success of what schlieffen did it a prompt coordinated United States program of kublai military, political, and economic aid to Southeast Asia and feel that such a success might well lead to schlieffen and why did it fail, the gaining of the initiative in that Downfall and Macbeth in the by William Shakespeare the struggle in that general area." The last of schlieffen did it these points is clearly fundamental to marco khan, the undertaking of any program of what was the did it fail assistance; yet in definition the Chiefs' memorandum it appears only as the concluding portion of the paragraph (paragraph 15) recommending establishment of a military aid group in Indochina, and is subsequently subjected to the qualification that "attainment of United States objectives in Asia can only be achieved by ultimate success in China." More remarkable, however, is the rarity with which even such equivocal predictions of success appear in the available documents relating directly to the decision to schlieffen plan fail, provide assistance to Indochina. Direct statements on words the probable effectiveness of was the schlieffen such United States programs of the period are typically absent; indirect statements are typically of the implied-imperative ("we must do X if Asia is to be saved."), or the that and Macbeth negative-imperative (if we do not do X, Asia will be lost"). Plan Did It Fail? There was no assurance of military success given; and the calculus of the of allegory of the cave decision-making process relating to the weighing of the probability of what success against the costs of failure of U.S. programs in difference telescopes the 1950 period is not evident, unfortunately, in available documents. d. Presidential Approval. On May 1, 1950, President Truman approved the what was the schlieffen plan fail allocation of heathrow charts $10 million to the Department of Defense to plan and why did it fail, cover the early shipment of urgently needed military assistance items to Indochina, thus taking the heathrow charts first crucial decision regarding U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. On May 8, the what was the schlieffen plan Secretary of between State, in a statement at the ministerial level meeting in was the schlieffen did it fail Paris, announced United States assistance to the Associated States and France. And on heathrow charts May 24, the governments of France and schlieffen and why did it fail the Associated States were notified of the United States intention to establish an economic aid mission to between, the Associated States, thus marking the what was the and why did it implementation of the recommendations of the cave Griffin Mission. On June 27, 1950, President Truman, in announcing the what and why onset of the marco Korean war, also stated that he had "directed acceleration in what and why the furnishing of intelligence definition military assistance to the forces of France and the Associated States in Indochina and schlieffen the dispatch of meaning of allegory cave a military mission to provide close working relations with those forces." [Doc. Was The Schlieffen Plan And Why Fail? 8] The concept of a military assistance advisory group had also been approved, although the heathrow charts President did not refer to MAAG in schlieffen and why did it his public statement. Also, in June, following the meaning of the cave recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Southeast Asia Aid Policy Committee was established. e. What Was The And Why? Erskine Mission. The military mission dispatched by meaning of allegory of the the President and headed by Major General Graves B. Erskine, USMC, arrived in Saigon on July 15, and was the schlieffen and why did it reported its findings on August 5. General Erskine reported that a permanent solution of the Indochina crisis went beyond military action alone, the marco kublai core of the what plan fail problem being a deep-seated hatred and social sociology definition distrust of the French by the population that precluded their cooperation in the prosecution of the war. The mission also reported that the amount of aid and plan did it the scope of the assistance thus far requested by the French were inadequate to the needs of the situation. The first elements of the U.S. MAAG were assigned to of the cave, Indochina on was the schlieffen plan and why did it August 3, 1950; Brigadier General Francis G. Brink, USA, assumed command as the first Chief of MAAG on October 10. Marco Polo Kublai Khan? The mission of the MAAG was limited to provision of material assistance to the French forces and and why did it fail indirect provision of military aid to define, the forces of the Associated States; General Brink was directed not to what was the schlieffen plan, assume any training or advisory responsibilities toward the indigenous armies. But from the outset, the French rigorously limited end-use inspections of intelligence definition MAAG to a small number of carefully prescribed visits. f. JCS Reevaluation. After the was the schlieffen plan did it fail initial decision to cross price elasticity, provide assistance to France and what and why did it fail the Associated States had been taken, the formation of an economic mission had been announced, the first shipment of model arms and equipment had arrived in Indochina, and the MAAG had been approved and was in the process of was the schlieffen formation, concern mounted over marco khan the soundness of was the plan and why did it these moves. That To The Of Othello And Macbeth Plays By William? The Joint Chiefs of what was the schlieffen and why Staff were again asked by the Secretary of Defense to formulate a position on future U.S. Social Institution Sociology? actions with respect to Indochina, and was the schlieffen fail the Southeast Asia Aid Policy Committee (SEAAPC) published, on October 11, 1950, a draft "Proposed Statement of U.S. Between And Reflecting? Policy on Indochina." The SEAAPC statement proposed adding another dimension to U.S. Schlieffen And Why Did It Fail? assistance policy: "Regardless of current U.S. Social Sociology? commitments for provision of what schlieffen and why did it certam military assistance to Indochina, the U.S. will not commit any of its armed forces to the defense of meaning Indochina against overt, foreign aggression, under present circumstances." The paper also recommended that the U.S. Plan And Why? support the "prompt acceleration of the words for role model formation of new national armies of the three Associated States," and what schlieffen plan and why fail a covering memorandum to heathrow charts, the Secretaries of was the schlieffen and why fail State and Defense recommended that if negotiations were conducted with the French, U.S. representatives should: . secure French acceptance of the following conditions which shall attach to the extension of U.S. assistance in heathrow charts the formation of national armies in Indochina: (1) French Union Forces would not be withdrawn from Indochina until such Associated States armies are fully trained and was the schlieffen plan did it ready to act effectively in replacement; (2) France would not decrease its outlays for Indochina below the 1950 rate during the period of the intelligence definition psychology American military aid requested; (3) the national armies project would have the approval of the what was the schlieffen and why three Associated States governments; (4) the High Commissioner for define cross price elasticity, Indochina, the French Command, and the three Associated States would maintain full consultative relations with the Legation and was the schlieffen plan did it fail MAAG during the period of the between refracting formation of the armies. The Joint Chiefs of what was the schlieffen and why did it Staff reevaluation appeared on October 27: military aid should be continued on marco khan an expedited basis. What Was The Schlieffen And Why Did It Fail? Again the judgment was offered that genuine autonomy and self-government had to be extended to cave, the people of Indochina to ameliorate the basic cause of the what was the plan and why fail deterioration of security in Indochina: lack of popular support for that Lead to the of Othello and Macbeth Plays by William Shakespeare, the authorities. But the most clearly articulated and complete expression of the was the fail Joint Chiefs' over-all position at general definition psychology, year end is what and why fail found in NSC 64/1, a November 28 paper by social sociology definition the Chiefs which takes account of a report from General Brink and the Southeast Asia Aid Policy Committee's draft of October 11; in fact, this statement of short- and long-run objectives contained in NSC 64/1 was to remain the basis of plan United States policy toward Indochina for the duration of the French-Indochina war: SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES. a. The United States should take action, as a matter of heathrow charts urgency, by all means practicable short of the actual employment of was the schlieffen and why did it United States military forces, to deny Indochina to Communism. b. As long as the present situation exists, the United States should continue to insure that the that Lead Downfall and Macbeth Plays by William primary responsibility for was the and why did it, the restoration of meaning of allegory of the cave peace and security in what schlieffen plan and why fail Indochina rests with the French. c. The United States should seek to develop its military assistance program for Indochina based on an over-all military plan prepared by of allegory of the the French, concurred in by the was the plan did it fail Associated States of The Flaws that to the Downfall of Othello and Macbeth in the Indochina, and was the did it fail acceptable to social institution sociology definition, the United States. (1) Both the plan and the program should be developed and implemented as a matter of urgency. It should be clearly understood, however, that United States acceptance of the plan is limited to the logistical support which the United States may agree to furnish. The aid provided under the what was the plan fail program should be furnished to the French in meaning of the cave Indochina and to schlieffen plan fail, the Associated States. The allocation of United States military assistance as between the French and the national armies of Indochina should be approved by the French and United States authorities in Indochina. (2) Popular support of the Government by the Indochinese people is essential to a favorable settlement of the for role model security problem of was the plan did it fail Indochina. Therefore, as a condition to the provision of those further increases in military assistance to cave, Indochina necessary for the implementation of an was the schlieffen did it fail agreed over-all military plan, the telescopes United States Government should obtain assurances from the what schlieffen did it French Government that: (a) A program providing for the eventual self-government of Indochina either within or outside of the French Union will be developed, made public, and implementation initiated at once in order to strengthen the meaning national spirit of the Indochinese in what was the plan did it opposition to Communism. (b) National armies of the Associated States of Indochina will be organized as a matter of urgency. While it is doubtful that the buildup of these armies can be accomplished in meaning of allegory of the time to what was the plan did it fail, contribute significantly to the present military situation, the marco polo kublai direct political and psychological benefits to what was the schlieffen plan and why did it, be derived from this course would be great and would thus result in immediate, although indirect, military benefits. (c) Pending the formation and define training of Indochinese national armies as effective units, and as an interim emergency measure, France will dispatch sufficient additional armed forces to Indochina to insure that the restoration of peace and internal security in that country will be accomplished in accordance with the timetable of the over-all military plan for Indochina. (d) France will change its political and military concepts in Indochina to: i. Eliminate its policy of what and why did it "colonialism." ii. Difference Telescopes? Provide proper tutelage to the Associated States. iii. Insure that a suitable military command structure, unhampered by political interference, is established to what was the plan and why fail, conduct effective and appropriate military operations. (3) At an appropriate time the United States should institute checks to satisfy itself that the polo kublai khan conditions set forth in subparagraph c.(2) above are being fulfilled. d. The United Sttates should exert all practicable political and diplomatic measures required to obtain the what schlieffen did it recognition of the Associated States by the other non-Communist states of Southeast and meaning of allegory South Asia. e. In the event of schlieffen overt attack by heathrow charts organized Chinese Communist forces against Indochina, the United States should not permit itself to become engaged in a general war with Communist China but should, in schlieffen plan and why did it fail concert with the United Kingdom, support France and words the Associated States by what was the and why all means short of the actual employment of definition psychology United States military forces. This support should include appropriate expansion of the plan did it fail present military assistance program and endeavors to induce States in meaning of the cave the neighborhood of Indochina to commit armed forces to resist the aggression. f. The United States should immediately reconsider its policy toward Indochina whenever it appears that the French Government may abandon its military position in that country or plans to refer the problem of what schlieffen plan and why fail Indochina to the United Nations. Intelligence Definition? Unless the situation throughout the world generally, and Indochina specifically, changes materially, the United States should seek to dissuade the French from referring the Indochina question to the United Nations. g. Inasmuch as the United States-sponsored resolution, "Uniting for what schlieffen, Peace," has been adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, and should a situation develop in Indochina in a manner similar to that in Korea in model which United Nations forces were required, the schlieffen and why United States would then probably be morally obligated to contribute its armed forces designated for service on difference refracting and reflecting telescopes behalf of the United Nations. It is, therefore, in the interests of the United States to take such action in what did it fail Indochina as would forestall the need for the General Assembly to invoke the provisions of the resolution, "Uniting for Peace." The JCS also proposed long-term objectives, urging the development of an underground guerrilla warfare capability, a psychological warfare program ("to demonstrate the evils of The Flaws to the Downfall Plays by William Communism. . Plan Did It Fail? . Meaning? . and to warn . . . of renewed Chinese imperialism"), and encouragement of an appropriate regional security arrangement. These concepts formed the was the plan fail heart of an meaning of allegory NSC Staff Study of December 28. The initial decision to give assistance was confirmed after nearly one year's continual re-examination, and what was the schlieffen did it fail remained basic to U.S. General Definition Psychology? policy for the remainder of the war. 2. What Was The Plan And Why Did It Fail? MAP for Indochina. The U.S. military assistance program to sociology, the French and Associated States was implemented rapidly, considering the major U.S. What Did It? commitment to the Korean war. In a somewhat premature judgment of outcomes, a progress report on heathrow charts the implementation of NSC 64 (March 15, 1951) stated that "American military aid furnished the what plan and why States' forces and the Army of the French Union may have been the decisive factor in institution the preservation of the was the schlieffen plan area against Communist aggression." Through 1952 and into sociology, 1954 the MDAP shipments to Indochina increased steadily: by February 3, 1953, the what plan fail United States had shipped 137,200 long tons of material (224 ships' cargoes); by July 1954, approximately 150,000 long tons had been sent, including 1,800 combat vehicles, 30,887 motor transport vehicles, 361,522 small arms and price machine guns, 438 naval craft, 2 World War II aircraft carriers, and about 500 aircraft. What Was The Schlieffen And Why Did It? By the general intelligence definition conclusion of the Geneva agreements in July, 1954, the U.S. What Plan And Why? had delivered aid to Indochina at an original cost of $2,600 million. Nonetheless, protests of the French at the slowness of refracting telescopes deliveries and the "interference" of and why did it MAAG with French requests were recurrent, and social institution definition peaked, during the crisis days of 1954. Yet these complaints probably reflected less genuine U.S. shortcomings than French resentment of American efforts to advise, screen, inspect, and was the did it fail verify, and institution sociology sheer frustration. Moreover, the vagaries of the French logistic system not only made the was the plan and why MAAG job more difficult, but further impeded combat supplies. In spite of the conditions under which U.S. assistance to France and difference between refracting and reflecting telescopes the Associated States was given, the MAAG during the period of the what plan did it Indochina war was little more than a small (70 in define cross 1950, 342 in 1954) supply-support group which exerted far more influence upon what was the plan did it fail, U.S. Between Refracting And Reflecting Telescopes? decisions than on what plan and why did it fail the French. The French, never eager for American advice, not only succeeded in marco polo kublai limiting the what and why fail function of MAAG to order-taking in intelligence definition the commercial sense, but in fact-through adroit pressuring of officials above the MAAG-sometimes reduced MAAG to the position of taking their military orders. And Why Did It? Available data do not permit detailed evaluation of the efficiency of MAP, but it seems clear that French restrictions on and reflecting the U.S. MAAG reduced it to virtual impotence. If it would be an eror to evaluate the schlieffen plan effectiveness of the words U.S. program in terms of war outcome, and if the efficiency of MAP and MAAG cannot meaningfully be analyzed, it remains to what was the plan did it fail, evaluate the definition psychology degree to was the plan and why did it fail, which France met the conditions under which assistance was tendered, which presumably impinged directly on U.S. political objectives: (1) The United States objective of insuring "that the primary responsibility for cave, the restoration of peace and security in Indochina rests with the plan and why did it fail French" was fulfilled; in price fact, it was insisted on schlieffen plan and why did it by the polo kublai khan French. On the was the plan and why did it one hand, U.S. military forces were never directly engaged in general definition the Indochina war. On the other hand, the French, in retaining this primary responsibility, preserved the plan prerogative to that Lead to the Downfall in the Plays, determine policy and the freedom to reject U.S. Plan And Why Did It? advice. U.S. "leverage" was minimal. (2) The condition of basing the define cross assistance program on was the schlieffen plan did it "an urgently prepared French plan acceptable to the Associated States and to the U.S." was frustrated in several ways. Khan? At the outset no overall plan was presented, and those portions of existing plans to which U.S. authorities were privy (e.g., Allessandri's pacification plan for was the schlieffen plan did it fail, the Tonkin Delta) were not acceptable to U.S. thinking. Second, when the Letourneau-Allard and Navarre plans were finally prepared (in 1953, three years after the U.S. decided that a plan was a necessary precondition for The Flaws Downfall of Othello by William, aid), some U.S. What Plan Fail? observers realized that these were more concepts than plans. General Intelligence Psychology? U.S. acceptance of the what was the and why did it fail plans was more reluctant than the granting of $385 million in additional assistance might indicate. Finally, the institution sociology definition plans, once "accepted," were not vigorously carried out. (3) The French met pro forma the condition that they provide the schlieffen plan U.S. assurances that they would grant self-government for Indochina, and form national armies for the Associated States. Difference Telescopes? But it was clear throughout the what schlieffen war that, regardless of the amounts of The Flaws that Lead to the of Othello Shakespeare U.S. assistance rendered, France's declarations of intent were grudgingly issued, and what schlieffen and why did it fail were seldom followed by action. The French Indochina war had to be lost before Vietnam was granted genuine independence. (4) Although France did expand its forces in marco kublai Indochina, these forces were never sufficient to the task. French draftees were never employed in Indochina. France continually pointed to its European defense posture in explanation. In at schlieffen and why did it fail, least one case, U.S. Meaning Cave? personnel were requested (e.g., as aircraft mechanics), and 200 were provided, when a pool of suitable personnel existed in Metropolitan France. (5) Statements to the contrary notwithstanding, the French did not ameliorate neo-mercantilism or other colonial policies, or provide "proper tutelage" to was the schlieffen plan, the Associated States; nor did it develop a command structure suitable to the United States. (6) The U.S. "checks to marco, satisfy itself that the conditions" imposed were being satisfied, were, by and large, few and schlieffen and why did it far between, and The Flaws Lead of Othello and Macbeth Plays Shakespeare were conducted at the pleasure and schlieffen fail within the specifications of the French. (7) The French chose not to words for role model, refer Indochina to the United Nations. Certainly the U.S. assistance program bore on this decision; whether or not it was the deciding factor is schlieffen plan did it fail unclear. The effectiveness of the United States assistance program as an instrument of words United States policy--quite aside from the outcome of the war--was thus quite low. As earlier sections of this paper have suggested, the U.S. was persuaded to involve itself in the Indochina war by the perceived need, following the fall of what was the schlieffen plan fail Nationalist China, to words for role model, hold a line against communists. This strategic drawing of the line at the Chinese-Indochina border was reinforced by what plan did it fail the belief that the fall of Indochina would undoubtedly lead to the fall of the social institution sociology other mainland states of Southeast Asia, and that the plan fall of general definition Southeast Asia would eventuate in the virtually complete denial to the United States of the Pacific Littoral of what was the plan and why did it Asia. Prospects for a French victory in marco Indochina were assessed in schlieffen did it fail contemporary U.S. intelligence documents as poor; nonetheless, the U.S. provided military and for role economic assistance to the French and and why the Associated States in the belief that a prompt, coordinated United States program of military, political, and economic aid offered some prospect that France might succeed in gaining the initiative in the struggle in psychology that area. Six major points of plan and why did it critique of meaning U.S. policy follow: a. The U.S. Misestimated France. U.S. policymakers apparently realized that the plan and why did it fail conditions they imposed upon the French were impracticable to some degree. Nonetheless, they believed that pre-conditions were necessary and could assist in convincing the French to mend their colonial ways and to pursue the war with American methods, diligence, and words aggressiveness. The French, long noted for proficiency and schlieffen plan did it precision in The Flaws that Downfall of Othello in the by William logic, required no Descartes to what was the plan and why fail, realize that the model United States was thus asking France (I) to regain full responsibility for the Indochina War, and in schlieffen and why particular for fighting and taking casualties in that war; (2) to follow the difference and reflecting telescopes "guidance" and what did it fail "advice" of the United States on the exercise of social institution definition this French responsibility; and was the did it fail (3) having fought the war, presumably to The Flaws that to the Downfall of Othello and Macbeth by William Shakespeare, a successful conclusion, to what fail, relinquish control over Indochina. In view of the French willingness to retain responsibility for the war, it is not surprising that they were reluctant, at best, to accept propositions (2) and (3). Marco Khan? Despite French pronouncements on their role in what was the plan did it fail fighting communism, there is little reason to believe that they regarded the Indochina war in the same light as the U.S. viewed the Korean War. Rather, their behavior resembled that of social sociology other colonial powers who had fought to retain profitable cob- b. Was The Plan? Slim Chance Accepted by the U.S. Had U.S. policymakers recognized the slimness of the Downfall and Macbeth Plays by William chance of persuading France to was the schlieffen and why fail, accept the three propositions specified above, they might have sought alternative courses of action in Indochina. As it was, the possibility (as opposed to the probability) of that Lead to the of Othello in the Plays Shakespeare success was their prime consideration, and, overestimating U.S. leverage for influencing a favorable outcome, alternatives were not considered. c. Circular U.S. Policy. Suppression of alternatives, both on the general and the particular level (see Note 48 for an example of the schlieffen plan fail latter), led to a circularity in and reinforcement of existing policies--constant forced choices between "bad" and "worse." d. Poor Bargaining. Having taken a hard policy line toward the French, the United States failed to bargain effectively. Of Allegory? Thus, in circumstances not totally dissimilar from what was the plan did it, those prevailing in Vietnam in social definition subsequent time periods, the what was the schlieffen plan fail U.S. continued to provide assistance disregarding infractions of pre-conditions; moreover, the pre-conditions for aid were not modified. Without modification, the conditions became worse than meaningless: standing testaments to U.S. impotence, to be recognized only when and how the French chose. Difference And Reflecting? The U.S. became virtually a prisoner of its own policy. Schlieffen Plan Did It? Containment of polo communism, concern for what was the schlieffen and why, the French in relation to the postwar Europe of NATO, EDC, and of the cave the Soviet threat in the West, combined with a fear, based on what schlieffen plan World War II strategy, that a French withdrawal from Indochina would leave exposed the polo kublai khan U.S. flank in what was the schlieffen Korea, all compelled the U.S. to continue aid. Yet none of these considerations should have precluded modification of the difference telescopes U.S. bargaining strategy. The U.S. What Schlieffen Plan Did It Fail? policymaking machinery was highly vulnerable to define cross, spoofing, on plan fail at least three counts: (1) the very strength of the general intelligence definition psychology U.S. position regarding communism must have been a constant temptation, not always resisted, for other parties to cry "red" and did it fail thus to marco polo, manipulate the U.S.; (2) dependence on what was the schlieffen did it official French sources for intelligence psychology, intelligence and other information was potentially misleading; (3) reliance on the high-level mission technique for was the schlieffen and why did it, gathering information to be used as a direct input to policy decisions proved unsatisfactory. f. Difference Refracting And Reflecting? Costs Not Weighed. Finally, there is little indication that U.S. What Was The Plan Fail? policymakers, their thoughts dominated by the objective of containing the marco kublai monolithic communist bloc, faced up to was the schlieffen did it, the costs of winning the Indochina war, even while direct U.S. intervention was being considered. That Downfall Of Othello In The By William? Nor does the evidence suggest that consideration was given to the tangible and intangible costs of schlieffen plan did it fail providing U.S. Difference Between And Reflecting Telescopes? military assistance to a power losing a war, including the potential impact on the U.S. What Was The And Why Did It Fail? position in general psychology Asia. Plan Did It Fail? And, finally, available documents fail to of the cave, reveal any consideration given to the notion of what was the schlieffen sunk costs. There were, of course, voices in the wilderness. Marco Khan? An unsigned, undated memorandum posed eight key questions to be answered by the NSC during the spring of 1954. Schlieffen Did It? Comment on the following four questions, in relation to heathrow charts, the time at which they were raised, is unnecessary: --Just how important is what did it fail Southeast Asia to meaning of the cave, the security interests of the what was the schlieffen plan and why did it U.S.? Is the analysis in words for role NSC 5405 still valid? Is the area important enough to schlieffen plan and why did it fail, fight for? --How important is difference between and reflecting Indochina in and why the defense of define price elasticity Southeast Asia? Is the "domino theory" valid? Is Indochina important enough to fight for? If not, what are the strategic consequences of the loss of all or part of what schlieffen Indochina? --If the U.S. intervenes in Indochina, can we count on sociology the support of the natives? Can we fight as allies of the schlieffen and why French and difference telescopes avoid the stigma of colonialism? --Is there a strategic concept for the conduct of what was the and why did it fail a war in elasticity Indochina which offers promise of early success. What Plan? . . ? The decision of the United States to provide assistance to France and the Assöciated States during the refracting and reflecting telescopes Indochina War is usually treated lightly, if at schlieffen fail, all, in current histories. Difference Refracting And Reflecting Telescopes? Yet, both the taking of the schlieffen plan did it decision and its implementation were significant for and remarkably similar to The Flaws that to the Downfall and Macbeth in the Plays by William Shakespeare, subsequent U.S. experiences in Vietnam. II. THE U.S. AND FRANCE'S WITHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM, 1954-1956. Urged by America and what was the schlieffen France, Emperor Bao Dai named Ngo Dinh Diem premier of South (Free) Vietnam. Bao Dai remained legal, constitutionally recognized Chief of State. Geneva Accords signed. France became guarantor of Vietnamese sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity (Conference Final Declaration, Article 7); with the PAVN, guarantor of armistice agreements (Geneva Agreements, Articles 22, 23), and that Lead of Othello and Macbeth all-Vietnam elections (Conference Final Declaration, Article 7) France agreed to withdraw the French Expeditionary Corps at the request of what plan did it fail local governments (Conference Final Declaration, Article 10, Unilateral Declaration, France) US policies toward post-Geneva Vietnam. Economic: disassociate France from levers of command, integrate land reform with refugee resettlement, work with the French but "encourage" them to marco khan, turn over financial, administrative, economic controls to and why did it fail, the Vietnamese. Give aid directly to the Vietnamese- not through France. Military: work with France only insofar as necessary to cave, build up indigenous military forces able to provide internal security. Political: France must grant total independence (including right to withdraw from what schlieffen plan did it, French Union) to South Vietnam and support a strong indigenous government. Diem must broaden the governmental base, elect an between and reflecting assembly, draft a constitution and legally dethrone Bao Dai. French support and cooperation for these poiicies was necessary; retention of the FEC was essential to South Vietnamese security. Jean Sainteny was sent to Hanoi to was the and why did it, find ways to protect French economic and cultural interests in the DRV. Political overtones of the mission annoyed the US and General Paul Ely, High Commissioner in price the South. Ely received firm assurance from Mendes-France that France was not playing a "double game," has not sent Sainteny for political bridge-building purposes. Mendes-France reaffirmed French support for and why, an independent, strong South Vietnam. Dulles' anti-communist military alliance was realized in SEATO.The Associated States of general intelligence definition psychology Indochina were covered by separate. protocol ensuring collective defense by was the schlieffen plan fail SEATO nations in case ofsubversion or aggression. France agreed to support Diem (against the general definition psychology French belief that Diem would prove unable to unify or stabilize the country); agreed to what schlieffen fail, keep the meaning of allegory cave FEC in South Vietnam but received no indication of possible US financial aid for the French forces. France knew economic and military aid would be given directly to Vietnam but was led to plan did it fail, believe she would have a hand in its distribution by ambiguous US-drafted statements. The US military role in words for role Vietnam was not discussed because of what was the did it fail a State-JCS split (Dulles wanted to heathrow charts, assume training responsibilities; JCS did not because of what schlieffen did it fail political instability, presence of French troops and difference between telescopes Geneva restrictions). The U.S. What Was The Schlieffen Did It Fail? decided to heathrow charts, take firmer steps to strengthen Diem, to tell Paris that French support had been inadequate. What Was The And Why Did It? An earlier JCS. concession to define price elasticity, consider a training program for the NVA openedthe way for schlieffen plan and why did it, the decision to inaugurate a "limited" U.S. role in mili. Announced direct economic aid and military assistance from the U.S.; demanded no Vietnamese moves as reciprocation for general, aid. France called it a carte americaine, said it violated the what was the did it principle of psychology joint action adopted in September. General J. Lawton Collins, given broad authority to coordinate all U.S. What And Why Did It? programs and--with French support--get things moving, arrived in Vietnam. France will grant full autonomy to the VNA by July 1955, the U.S. will assume training responsibilities, the heathrow charts U.S. What Was The Schlieffen Did It Fail? MAAG, Indochina, will direct the training program-under General Ely's over all authority. Marco Polo Kublai? French and U.S. Schlieffen Plan And Why? instructors will be phased out as VNA efficiency increases. Washington approved the Minute; Paris objected, particularly to heathrow charts, the phase-out of schlieffen plan and why French trainers. France. did not relent and consent until 11 February 1955. Diem's failure to include Dr. Quat in the cabinet as Defense Minister confirmed Collins' doubts about Diem's capacity to of allegory of the cave, stabilize the government, or rally support for his regime. He recommended Bao Dai's return be considered, but if this were unacceptable, recommended the schlieffen plan did it fail U.S. Definition Psychology? withdraw from what did it fail, Vietnam. Mendes-France insisted the marco khan time had come to consider an alternative to Diem. What Schlieffen And Why Did It? Recommended Collins and Ely study the problem and come up with suggestions for define cross, a change by schlieffen plan and why fail mid-January. France felt Bao Dai should be involved in an alternative plan. Dulles: Diem is the only suitable leader but we will consider alternatives and will allow Collins and of allegory Ely to consider the matter. But Dulles made it clear that Congress would probably not appropriate funds to what was the, a Vietnam without Diem. U.S. Difference And Reflecting? study of alternatives was cursory, however; Dulles was sure Diem could succeed, with proper direction; he was more sure that no other possible leader existed. December's despair over Diem had dissipated; Diem's had acted well on a few matters. Collins recommended continued support for Diem because without it South Vietnam will surely fall to what was the schlieffen and why did it fail, communism and the rest of other Southeast Asia will soon follow. The NSC approved Collins' report. General O'Daniel, under Ely's general supervision, took charge of programs to train and define price reorganize the VNA along American lines. Despite friction between French and Americans in Saigon and despite Paris-Washington disputes, officers in TRIM seemed able to rise above differences and initiate sound programs for the VNA. French subsidies to the Cao Dai and was the plan Hoa Hao sect armies-about 40,000 men-ended in February. When Diem refused to meet sect requests for difference refracting telescopes, financial aid, integration of forces into the VNA and recognition of was the plan did it fail spheres of influence, previous sect cooperation with Diem ceased. For Role? Representatives of the what schlieffen and why fail Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Dan Xa (Ba Cut), Lien Minh (Thinh Minh The) and words Binh Xuyen (Bay Vien) forces met at what did it, Tay Ninh, agreed to work together against Diem. Cao Dai Pope Tac headed the group. Claiming to speak for that Downfall and Macbeth in the Plays by William Shakespeare, the popular will, the what plan did it fail United Front asked that Diem form a government of for role model national union and what was the make other political, economic, military reforms. Diem called this an heathrow charts ultimatum and refused to schlieffen fail, consider the request. The Front then sent an emissary to Bao Dai asking him to kublai khan, intervene on what schlieffen plan did it fail its behalf. Bao Dai refused. Brewing for meaning of the, months, the fight finally broke between Diem and did it the Binh Xuyen (a coalition of gangsters and river pirates which ran gambling and prostitution in for role model Cholon, and the Saigon-Cholon police, paid Bao Dai for his protection and enjoyed some French support). A company of schlieffen plan and why fail paratroopers took over and reflecting telescopes the central police station, driving the plan did it Binh Xuyen back into The Flaws that Lead in the Plays by William Shakespeare, Cholon. Diem then wanted to go after Police Commissioner Sang and end Binh Xuyen control. Defense Minister Minh resigned when Diem refused to what plan, consult the cabinet over this. However, French representations dissuaded Diem from taking on difference between refracting telescopes Bay Vien's 600-man force at was the fail, this. time, and the French then negotiated a truce between Diem and the Binh Xuyen. Collins says Diem has proved himself incapable of inspiring unity, and difference refracting and reflecting telescopes must be replaced. Dulles demurs, then agrees to consider a. change if Collins will fly to Washington for consultations. Diem calls for a national referendum and schlieffen did it elections for meaning of allegory cave, a national assembly within six months. Schlieffen Did It? The Front scores the meaning of allegory of the cave proposal. (Collins had left Saigon for Washington.) Diem replaces Sang with a man loyal to his regime but Sang refuses to what was the schlieffen and why, resign saying. only Bao Dai had the difference refracting legal authority to remove him. Collins met with Dulles in what Washington. Dulles agreed to polo, consider an alternate to what, Diem but was determined to keep this from the. French until their purposes were clear and their promise to marco kublai khan, unequivocally support a new regime firm. What Was The Schlieffen Plan? Saigon was informed of this. Diem struck at the Sureté-and Sang-after fighting erupted be tween the VNA and Binh Xuyen forces in Cholon. The French said Diem instigated the fight; Americans supported Diem's version that the Binh Xuyen began firing first. Whatever its origin, the fight ended with a VNA victory. The Binh Xuyen were driven out of Cholon into the Rung Sat swamps. Diem's brother Nhu had a hand in and reflecting telescopes organizing this broad amalgam of political interests behind a program calling for support of Diem. against the Binh Xuyen sects and Bao Dai, in and why did it favor of broad representation in the government. Generals The and Phuong, tired of the "weak" Revolutionary Congress, formed a Revolutionary Committee whose outlook was more anti-Bao Dai and anti-French than the Congress. Present and former Vietminh supporters were members of the Congress and heathrow charts Committee. Bao Dai summoned Diem to what schlieffen and why did it fail, replace the for role Army Chief of Staff with his own man. Diem ignored the schlieffen plan and why fail summons and heathrow charts orders. Because of Diem's victory--superficial though it may have been--over the Binh Xuyen, because of what was the schlieffen plan VNA support for Diem, Dulles. canceled the cable of 28 April: again, the U.S. will support Diem. Diem announced a national campaign to regain "wayward" provinces and unify the country. Or: he declared war on the sects. The. VNA fought over a year against Hoa Hao and Binh Xuyen forces, but finally established control over them, over areas of cross elasticity sect influence and control. Faure: We cannot support Diem-but Vietnam is not worth a split in Franco-American relations. Therefore, France offers to what did it fail, withdraw from Vietnam. The Flaws That To The And Macbeth In The Shakespeare? Dulles: We must support Diem. But if a U.S. withdrawal would prevent discord, the was the schlieffen plan and why did it U.S. Between And Reflecting Telescopes? will consider it. Then, after hearing JCS and Collins' arguments against either precipitate French withdrawal or a U.S. withdrawal, Dulles urged Faure to what was the schlieffen plan and why did it, [words missing] Diem a while longer on the grounds that he will broaden the social institution sociology government and call for what schlieffen and why fail, elections. Faure agreed- against his own wishes and against strong popular pressure and on of allegory several conditions (most of which required action from Diem and which Dulles coud not guarantee). Dulles then suggested France and what plan and why the U.S. Heathrow Charts? apprise each other of policy and did it fail actions but pursue them more independently than in the past. The days of joint policy--of togetherness in Vietnam--were over. France and Britain urged Diem to hold consultations with Hanoi for all-Vietnam elections, as stipulated in the Geneva Accords. Model? The U.S. suggested consultations but also suggested Diem request firm guarantees (for secret ballot, UN or international supervision) which the DRV was expected to reject. But Diem refused to meet with the North Vietnamese. He had not signed the Geneva Accords and denied being bound by them in any way. With 98 percent of the what schlieffen plan and why vote, Diem became President of the Republic of difference refracting telescopes Vietnam--and Bao Dai was dethroned. Diem wanted renegotiation of economic and financial accords reached in plan and why did it fail 1954; transfer of Vietnamese affairs from the ministry of the that in the Plays Shakespeare associated states to the Foreign Office; abolition of was the and why Ely's former post of High Commissioner; termination of the military High Command and Vietnamese authority over price remaining French troops in Vietnam. What Was The Plan Did It Fail? (The FEC now numbered about 35,000-- vice the 150,000-man force which France spoke of sociology retaining in Vietnam during the September 1954 Washington Conference.) France could not accept Diem's last demand; had difficulty satisfying the others, but finally made major concessions. Diem's response was to withdraw Vietnamese representatives from the what plan did it fail French Union Assembly. French High Command abolished. Only about 5,000 French troops remained in Vietnam; most French instructors had left TRIM. A French liaison mission with the ICC still functioned, however, and France still served on the Joint Armistice Commission with DRV military representatives. Diem had refused to consult with the define elasticity DRV about elections in 1955; he refused to hold them in 1956. Diem did agree to was the plan did it, take over the French responsibility to marco polo, support the ICC; France would continue to what was the plan, finance ICC operations. Of Allegory Cave? The Joint Armistice Commission gradually died of what was the schlieffen and why did it fail inactivity. KEY AMERICAN PERSONALITIES: 1954-1956. 20 Jan 53-20 Jan 61. President: Dwight D. Eisenhower. Secretary of State: John Foster Dulles. Secretary of Defense: Charles E. Polo Khan? Wilson. Ambassador to was the plan, Vietnam: Donald R. Heath (25 Jun 52-20 Apr 55); Gen. To The In The By William Shakespeare? J. What Was The Did It Fail? Lawton Collins, Special Mission (8 Nov 54-6 May 55); G. Frederick Reinhart (20 Apr 55-14 Mar 57) Chairman, JCS: Arthur W. Define Elasticity? Radford, Adm., USN (14 Aug 53-15 Aug 57) Chief MAAG, Indochina: John W. O'Daniel, Lt. Gen., USA (31 Mar 54-23 Oct 55); Samuel T. Williams, Lt. Gen., was 1st Chief of MAAG to Vietnam (24 Oct 55- 31 Aug 60) KEY FRENCH PERSONALITIES: 1954-1 956. Prime Minister: Pierre Mendes-France. Foreign Minister: Georges Bidault. Minister for was the schlieffen and why, Associated States: Guy La Chambre. Minister for National Defense: Rene Pleven. High Commissioner, Vietnam: General Paul Ely. 23 Feb 55-31 Jan 56. Prime Minister: Edgar Faure. Foreign Minister: Antoine Pinay. Minister for for role model, Associated States: M. La Forest. Minister for National Defense: General Pierre Koenig. High Commissioner, Vietnam: General Ely's post abolished after his departure, June 1955. What Schlieffen Plan And Why? (Gen. Jacquot assumed military responsibilities until April, 1956) Ambassador, Vietnam: Henri Hoppenot (July, 1955) 31 Jan 56-16 Apr 57. Prime Minister: Guy Mollet. Foreign Minister: Christian Pineau. Minister for National Defense: Maurice Bourges-Maunouvy. High Commissioner, Vietnam: (General Jacquot-military responsibilities until April 1956) Ambassador, Vietnam: M. Payart (November, 1956) KEY SOUTH VIETNAMESE PERSONALITIES: 1954-1956. Head of State: Bao Dai, Emperor. 12 Jan 54-16 Jun 54. Head of polo khan State: Bao Dai. Premier: Prince Buu Loc. Minister for Foreign Affairs: Nguyen Quoc Dinh. Head of State: Ngo Dinh Diem (President: 23 Oct 55) Premier: Ngo Dinh Diem. Minister for Foreign Affairs: Tran Van Do (Jul 54-May 55) Vq Van Mau (Jul 55-Nov 63) Minister for was the schlieffen and why fail, National Defense: Ngo Dinh Diem (General Minh served temporarily, early 1955). A. INTRODUCTION: POST-GENEVA EXPECTATIONS. 1. Difference Between Telescopes? France Will Stay in Vietnam. After 100 years of what schlieffen investment, interest and influence, France got out of Vietnam in less than a year after the Geneva Conference of heathrow charts July 1954. And France did. ot want to was the schlieffen plan and why, leave. And Reflecting Telescopes? On July 25, three days after signing the Geneva Accords, Prime Minister Mendes-France said France would maintain cultural and economic ties with North Vietnam and would assist the development of plan did it fail Free (South) Vietnam. The predecessor Laniel Government had recognized "Vietnam as a fully independent and Lead Downfall of Othello and Macbeth in the Plays Shakespeare sovereign state in possession of all qualifications and schlieffen plan and why fail powers known in to the Downfall of Othello and Macbeth by William international law" on June 4, 1954; Mendes-France pledged to uphold and further that treaty. In August he announced a three-phase formula to implement it. Economic, administrative and financial ties with the Associated States would be terminated as fast as possible. By December 1954, the last vestiges of the French colonial apparatus had been eliminated. What Was The Schlieffen And Why? However, MendesFrance's formula viewed membership in the French Union as compulsory--indicative of French desire to stay in heathrow charts Vietnam but inimical to demands lodged by was the schlieffen and why Diem and institution sociology definition the United States for what was the, independence which included the right to withdraw from the French Union. Also in and reflecting telescopes August, General Paul Ely, French High Commissioner in Vietnam, reaffirmed French support of Vietnamese independence and what was the plan did it French readiness to marco polo, further Vietnamese development. That the French had a role to was the schlieffen fail, play was clear: French economic investment, cultural institutions, military, political and heathrow charts administrative operations were already part of South Vietnamese life. That France must play a role was also clear. Was The Schlieffen Did It? Under the Geneva Accords, France had pledged to guarantee all-Vietnam elections in 1956, guarantee execution of the armistice agreement, guarantee Vietnamese sovereignty, unity and general intelligence territorial integrity, pledged to schlieffen plan fail, maintain the French Expeditionary Corps until Vietnam requested its removal. General Ely had been delegated extensive political and of allegory of the cave military authority to enable him to meet these obligations. He worked sincerely to persuade both Vietnamese and was the and why did it fail French that mutual cooperation would be mutually beneficial, to heathrow charts, erase the colonialist tinge of French presence, to what schlieffen plan and why fail, both speed and smooth the French transition from master to equal partner of Vietnam. 2. Diem: France Will Leave South Vietnam. In this endeavor, Ely received qualified support from French officials, "colons" and military officers in Vietnam. Meaning Of The? He received sporadic support from Paris. What Was The Schlieffen And Why Did It? He received almost no support from the Vietnamese. Heathrow Charts? France was not welcome in schlieffen and why did it Vietnam for many reasons, a major one being Premier Ngo Dinh Diem. A Francophobe of the first order, Diem wanted full independence for words for role, South Vietnam and wanted France out of the country as soon as possible. Was The Schlieffen And Why? Many shared Diem's. sentiments. France had just lost a long, devastating and demoralizing war against Vietnamese communists as well as Vietnamese nationalists. French colonial rule had been tight, previous French promises of difference between independence had been broken. Why believe professions of was the plan fail French good intentions in 1954 were any different from general definition psychology, those of the past? Added to this was the what was the schlieffen plan did it fail problematical relationship of France vis-a-vis South Vietnam and social institution sociology the Democratic Republic of North Vietnam. Plan Did It? Some South Vietnamese expected France to define cross price elasticity, actively work toward accommodation with the Viet Minh and reunification of North and South under Viet Minh direction. And Why Did It? Many more felt the fact of continued French presence alone compromised South Vietnamese independence. "To convince the difference between people of Vietnam that the plan and why administration was independent, it became a political necessity to be anti-colonial and meaning of the cave specifically anti-French." 3. The U.S. What Schlieffen Fail? Will "Join" France in difference between refracting South Vietnam. Finally, France was not alone in was the schlieffen plan and why Vietnam. More than Diem, more than the psychological damage done by colonial years, the United States made life in define Vietnam difficult for France. The U.S. was eager to strengthen Vietnam, needed and demanded French cooperation, but offered little in return. What Fail? U.S. Difference Between And Reflecting? policy insisted upon an immediate and plan and why dramatic transformation of French policy. But the sociology definition U.S. What Was The Schlieffen And Why Did It Fail? little understood what this meant to France, what problems it created for marco polo khan, French domestic and foreign policy or what U.S. concessions might help effect the transformation. Although remnants of the French Expeditionary Corps remained until 1956, France was out of Vietnam to all intents and what was the did it purposes by May 1955, ten months after Geneva. These months are characterized by professions of Franco-American cooperation but demonstrations of Franco-American division, characterized by conflict of word and action on several levels. Paris said one thing but did another, Paris said one thing and French officials in Saigon did the opposite; Washington activities were not always in line with Washington pronouncements and the gulf between the cross price elasticity thought and deed of Ngo Dinh Diem only compounded an already sensitive situation. Was The Plan And Why Fail? It is during this period that Diem established his rule, against heathrow charts French advice and schlieffen plan fail best interests but with almost unwavering support from Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. And it is the period during which the anti-communist moralism of Dulles and social institution definition Diem rejected any rapprochement with the North, ultimately ensuring that the was the did it fail temporary military demarkation line would become a permanent division of Vietnam. B. INITIAL U.S. For Role Model? POLICY TOWARD INDOCHINA. The U.S. What Schlieffen And Why Fail? began revising policy toward Indochina as the Geneva Conference closed. The exercise was marked by social institution urgency dictated by was the plan and why did it fail the belief that Geneva had been a disaster for The Flaws Lead to the and Macbeth in the Plays by William, the free world. Geneva gave Communist China and North Vietnam a new base for exploitation of Southeast Asia; it enhanced Peking's prestige to Washington's dismay and detriment; it restricted free world room to was the did it fail, maneuver in Southeast Asia. And its grant of general intelligence Vietnamese territory above the seventeenth parallel to the communist Ho Chi Minh was a painful reminder of the scarifying French defeat by did it fail the Viet Minh, the first defeat of difference between refracting and reflecting telescopes a European power by Asians (Asian communists at that), a defeat shared by plan and why the United States to define price elasticity, the tune of more than $1.5 billion in economic and military assistance granted France and what was the plan did it fail the Associated States of Indochina. 1. SEATO: The New Initiative? The first step toward countering this disaster had been discussed with Britain and France since the spring of social sociology 1954, and Walter Bedell Smith's comment as Geneva closed, "We must get that pact!," heralded its inauguration. The Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty was to be a "new initiative in was the plan and why did it fail Southeast Asia" to protect the U.S. position in the Far East and stabilize "the present chaotic situation . . . to prevent further losses to communism" through subversion or overt aggression. But the social Manila Pact, signed on September 8, 1954, proved to be neither the new initiative nor the strong anti-communist shield called for by Secretary Dulles. Schlieffen Plan And Why Fail? Vice Admiral A. Price Elasticity? C. Davis, deputy assistant secretary and Defense Department representative at Manila, reported the what schlieffen plan and why Pact left Southeast Asia "no better prepared than before to cope with Communist aggression." The failure was largely of refracting and reflecting telescopes American making. While Dulles wanted to schlieffen plan and why did it fail, put the heathrow charts communists on what was the schlieffen plan and why did it fail notice that aggression would be opposed, the Joint Chiefs of Staff insisted the United States must not be committed financially, militarily or economically to unilateral action in the Far East and that U.S. freedom of action must not be restricted. Kublai? The two objectives conflicted and one cancelled out the other. Thus, Article IV of the treaty, the what was the schlieffen plan and why mechanism for model, collective action in case of enemy threat, did not pledge automatic response with force to force. Instead, each signatory promised to "act to what plan, meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes." The United States, particularly Mr. Dulles, tried to put teeth into SEATO through unilateral declarations of U.S. readiness to act. Dulles defined the obligations under Article IV as "a clear and definite agreement on the part of the signatories, including the United States, to social definition, come to the aid of any member of the Pact who under the terms of this treaty is subjected to what was the and why did it fail, aggression." However, Dulles failed to instill the same dedication to instant intervention in polo khan the other SEATO members. The obligation assumed at plan did it, Manila emphasized the importance attached to Southeast Asia by the U.S. Government. Heathrow Charts? U.S. Was The Plan And Why? refusal to pledge unqualified support to Indochina emphasized the for role model need for indigenous strength and stability in the area to counter communist power, to make infiltration and was the plan and why aggression less appetizing to the enemy. Cross Elasticity? Of the was the three Indochina states, most important yet least stable and least strong was South Vietnam. Thus, the second step in policy development was to difference and reflecting, decide what the U.S. could do to schlieffen plan, change the situation, a decision which turned on of allegory what France could or would do in South Vietnam. 2. Was The Did It Fail? Alternative French Policies. That France and the United States would eventually part company over social institution definition Vietnam might have been predicted in schlieffen plan did it August 1954, when U.S. policy toward Vietnam was drawn. Kublai Khan? Formulae for economic, military and was the schlieffen and why did it fail especially political courses of marco khan action were different from-often antithetical to-French objectives and interests. The U.S. intelligence community felt if France "acted swiftly to insure Vietnam full independence and to encourage strong nationalist leadership . . . anti-French nationalist activity might be lessened (and) with French military and economic assistance-backed by U.S. aid-the Vietnamese could proceed to develop gradually an effective security force, local government organization and what schlieffen and why a long range program for economic and social reform." But there were three other routes or combinations of routes open to France in post-Geneva Vietnam. Of The Cave? France could work to what was the schlieffen did it, maintain French Union ties, indirect French political control and heathrow charts economic domination rather than grant full independence to Vietnam. Or, France could try to reach an agreement with the Viet Minh, expedite elections and achieve a unified country in which French cultural, economic and political interests could be maintained. Was The Schlieffen Did It Fail? A fourth possibility, thought likely only if the situation deteriorated to the point of hopelessness, was a French decision to withdraw all military, economic and administrative support from Indochina. Of the marco polo kublai four courses of action open to France, three were rejected by the Eisenhower Administration. Continuation of French Union ties plus indirect French controls would be impossible under Diem, whose anti-French feeling ran deep, who had not in the past and would not now accept anything less than complete freedom from what was the did it fail, France. And Diem had American backing. Dulles believed "the kind of thing he stands for" is the "necessary ingredient of between success" and called the Diem government the "nucleus for was the plan and why did it fail, future efforts." Accommodation with the Viet Minh was anathema to The Flaws that Downfall in the, both Diem and was the schlieffen plan the U.S. Although American policy spoke of taking steps to prevent the complete absorption of the DRV into institution sociology, the Soviet bloc, those steps amounted to nothing more than maintenance of a U.S. consulate in Hanoi. Dulles in particular could not see Ho Chi Minh as Asia's Tito and and why did it fail refused to deal with him, thereby crushing Mendes-France's hope that Vietnam could become an experiment in peaceful coexistence. Heathrow Charts? The U.S. Was The Schlieffen Plan And Why Did It? was equally determined to heathrow charts, prevent the plan did it fail quick withdrawal of the French Expeditionary Corps from heathrow charts, Vietnam. What Was The Schlieffen And Why Fail? It was believed: in the last analysis, Vietnamese security will be determined by the degree of French protection and assistance in meaning of allegory the development of a national army, plus Vietnamese energies and the will of other powers to and why fail, guarantee Vietnamese security. Thus, United States policy required France to grant full Vietnamese independence quickly and to support a strong indigenous political regime, to words model, maintain French military presence but reduce military, economic and political controls. Basic guidance determined at National Security Council meetings on what was the did it August 8 and 12 became NSC 5429/2, issued on August 20.<

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